Wildlife Experts Demands Joint Initiative to save Jumbos in Barak Valley

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GUWAHATI: Wildlife experts in Assam have demanded the Centre to launch a joint initiative with Bangladesh to save elephants in the Barak Valley.

According to experts, the only way to save the elephants in the Patharia Reserve Forest in Karimganj district of Barak Valley is through joining hands with Bangladesh for biodiversity conservation.

On other hand, researchers at the Assam University, Silchar, have also observed that initiating any conservation action for the Patharia Reserve Forest area is very tough as this deserves joint initiatives of both the countries (India and Bangladesh). Their observation has been published in a study entitled ‘Importance of trans-boundary conservation of the Asiatic elephant in Patharia hills’. The study has been done by Parthankar Choudhury and Nazimur Rahman Talukdar of Assam University and Rofik Ahmed Barbhuiya of Udhayan, a local NGO.

The Patharia Hills Reserve Forest occupies an area of 76.47 square km and is situated on the western side of Karimganj district and the eastern side of Sylhet district of Bangladesh.

“If conservation action is not taken up right now, the reserve forest will be a dense human settlement area without any trace of wildlife in the near future,” the study says.

Parthankar Choudhury, a researcher at the Department of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Assam University, said there are only six elephants (all females) in the Patharia Reserve Forest and translocation of a male elephant is the need of the hour. Such initiative has to be done by the government on a priority basis for their sustenance in this patch on the Indo- Bangladesh border, he said.

The elephants at the Patharia Reserve Forest are now divided into two small herds, three in each group and it has been observed that one herd always follows the other. They stay on both sides of the forest (Indian as well as on the Bangladesh portion) and cross the border frequently. The elephants have broken the border fences and use the route as their migratory corridor.

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Elephants' conflict of diet

A heart-wrenching incident emerged from the Nagarhole National Park in Karnataka last December. A 42-year-old elephant died after getting stuck in a two-metre-high iron fence, set up by forest officials to prevent wildlife from entering human settlements. The elephant had reportedly crossed over the fence and raided nearby farms. When chased away, it tried to return but got stuck. While its death sparked criticism about the forest department’s strategy, the fact is human-elephant conflict has emerged as one of the most nagging conservation challenges in the country.

To drive away crop-raiding elephants, farmers resort to all sorts of ways, from beating drums and bursting crackers to erecting electric fences and using spikes and fireballs. Union government’s Project Elephant estimates that every year the conflict results in the death of over 100 elephants. Yet, they keep coming back to villages to raid farms or destroy barns. Why do elephants take the huge risk?

This could be because crops like paddy, corn, banana and jackfruit are superfoods for elephants. Eating these enhances their state of mind and well-being, says a study by post-doctoral researcher Sanjeeta Sharma Pokharel, her advisor Raman Sukumar, professor at Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, and scientists at IISc’s Department of Molecular Reproduction and Developmental Genetics.

Since elephants face numerous threats while raiding crops, the team hypothesised that cropraiders would show higher stress levels compared to those in undisturbed forests. To test the hypothesis, between 2013 and 2015 they collected 394 faecal samples of non-raiding elephants in Bandipur-Nagarhole national parks and 208 samples from habitual crop-raiding elephants in agricultural areas of nearby Hassan district, and analysed those for faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM), a signature of stress hormone. What they found was counter-intuitive—crop-raiders were less stressed.

Perplexed, the researchers decided to delve deeper. According to Sreedhar Vijayakrishnan, elephant biologist at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, dry-deciduous forests like Bandipur and Nagarhole become nutritionally scarce in certain seasons creating stress among elephants. On the other hand, an analysis of vegetation cover in the study showed better greenery in Hassan. “To cross-validate whether elephants were really getting better food from Hassan, we analysed the faecal samples for nitrogen content, which reflects the crude protein content in a herbivore’s diet,” says Pokharel. The faecal samples of crop-raiders had a higher nitrogen content than of the non-raiders dwelling in protected areas, says the study published in the October 2018 issue of Animal Conservation.

Though seasonality has a significant influence on the diet quality, the faecal samples of crop raiders had a higher protein content even in the dry season compared to their counterparts dwelling in protected forests. This is because crops provide more protein and certain minerals than forest forage. Though cultivation in Hassan is limited to a few perennial crops in the dry season, higher protein level in crop-raiders’ faeces may be due to the consumption of protein-rich plants or plant parts, notes the study paper.

When gain outweighs the risk

Crop raiding is definitely a high-risk, high-gain strategy for elephants, particularly for adult bulls, who are the first ones to explore non-forest agricultural areas to seek nutritious forage, explains Sukumar, also member of the National Board for Wildlife and Project Elephant. But better nutrition ensures that they grow bigger in size and outcompete other males for access to mates. Though females are cautious while raiding crops for the fear of exposing the herd to danger, they do follow the bulls into croplands after several years, possibly because of greater reassurance, increased competition within the natural habitat, and, of course, for the lure of crops, he says.

The study thus concludes that nutritional benefits obtained from crop raiding might contribute to reduction in stress levels in elephants in human habitats. However, there is a caveat.

In Hassan, elephants might be in less stress given the contiguity of forested landscapes and because the community is tolerant towards elephants, acknowledge the researchers. But this may not be the case in fragmented forested areas, where they are exposed to stressors such as chasing, harassing or the use of weapons.

Other researchers agree with the observation. “Bandipur-Nagarhole is a 10,000 sq km contiguous landscape. In contrast, Buxa, the largest forest track in north Bengal, spans only 700 sq km. It is further fragmented by transport infrastructure and surrounded by human habitation,” says Aritra Kshettry, INSPIRE fellow of the Department of Science and Technology. “Elephants in the extremely fragmented landscape could be under tremendous stress while searching for food and home.

It is easy for accidents to happen,” says N Lakshminarayanan, wildlife biologist at the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Previous telemetry studies in north Bengal, led by Sukumar, show elephants can track harvest season and congregate around human habitations during harvests. “It would be interesting to compare stress levels during harvest seasons when they are chased around more,” says Kshettry.

Large contiguous habitats and nutritious forage would certainly help minimise conflicts, says Sukumar. However, he cautions, wildlife managers have to stay prepared to tackle conflicts as some elephants will always go for crops, given their biology.

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Elephants are getting choked, electrocuted, and even bombed to death in India

India’s escalating man-animal conflict is leaving its elephants with no safe home.

A recent heart-wrenching incident inside Karnataka’s Nagarhole National Park in southern India captures the gravity of the situation. On Dec. 15, a 42-year-old elephant suffocated to death after getting stuck in a seven feet high iron fence. Ironically, the fence was set up by forest authorities to protect the creatures by preventing them from straying into human settlements.

The elephant reportedly managed to cross over and raided a nearby agricultural field, after which it was chased away by villagers. But when it tried to climb over to return to the forest, it was trapped in the fence. “The diaphragm of the elephant got compressed very heavily due to the pressure that fell on it and because of that the choking of the respiratory organs occurred,” KM Narayanaswamy, conservator of forests and director of Nagarahole National Park, told The News Minute website.

The brutal death has sparked heavy criticism from activists who have raised concerns before about the risks of using such fences to keep wildlife away from human settlements.

But these fences are a part of the forest department’s strategy to minimise human-elephant conflict, which has increased as settlements close in on the latter’s diminishing natural habitat and traditional elephant corridors. In several Indian states, elephants straying onto farmland have destroyed crops, prompting the ire of villagers, who rarely receive enough compensation for their losses. They often respond by chasing away elephants with weapons and even fireballs, an approach recently outlawed by the supreme court of India.

India is home to about 60% of the world’s Asian elephants. But data from the environment ministry has shown that on average at least 80 elephants are killed annually by electrocution, poaching, train accidents, and poisoning. India’s 2017 elephant census revealed that since 2012 their population has declined by 10% to 27,312.

The Nagarhole incident is only the latest example this year of the tragic consequences of human-wildlife conflict, coming just a few days after the gruesome death of an eight-year-old elephant who had chewed a bomb left by poachers in Odisha. In October, a pachyderm known as “Rowdy Ranga” was mowed down by a speeding bus in Nagarhole, and a few weeks later, in Odisha again, seven elephants were electrocuted by a low-hanging power line.

Between April and mid-December, 65 elephants were killed in Odisha alone, most of them due to human interventions such as power lines, oncoming trains, and the construction of wells, tanks, and drains, which elephants have fallen into.

The only solution, conservationists say, is to restore elephant corridors and reduce the risk of the animals falling prey to humans. But little has happened on that front.

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Jumbo herd wreaks havoc in Assam’s Udalguri district; elephant menace prevails in Numaligarh region

Conflict between man and elephant seems to be a never ending story in Assam. The regions of Harisinga and Paneri in Udalguri district is seeing pianic spread among the local people over the increased presence of wild elephants in the area.

A large herd of elephants has damaged human habitations and crops. Large number of elephants have been roaming in broad daylight. The lackadaisical attitude of the forest department has forced the local people to take certain measures to drive off elephants from their villages and farmlands.

Apart from Udalguri, elephant menace is also being witnessed in Assam’s Sundarpur region near Numaligarh where packs of jumbos have being raiding at human settlements and destroying crops.

People are spending sleepeless while fearing for their lives and properties due to the jumbo menace. Man-elephant conflict has become an almost regular affair in the region around Numaligarh.


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Wild elephant kills farmer on Ooty border

Ooty: The man-elephant conflict surfaced yet again on the Nilgiris border when a wild elephant attacked and killed a farmer in Gudalur limits near here.

While the Gudalur and Pandalur limits in Nilgiris border has been witnessing an upsurge in the movement of stray wild animals into human settlements and a rise in man-elephant conflict in recent times, on Friday it took an ugly turn when the wild elephant which strayed into Vachakolli hamlet in the Pandanthurai area in Gudalur taluk attacked and killed Radhakrishnan (40), a farmer and resident of Vachakolli.

Sources said that Radhakrishnan was on his way to his fields on Friday morning.

A wild elephant which appeared from the nearby bushes attacked him. He succumbed to his injuries on the spot.

Villagers who gathered at the spot held a stir and wanted action from the Forest department to chalk out strategies to keep wild elephants from sneaking into the village limits.

The people also demanded an action plan for better protective measures in the village limits to tackle the man-elephant conflict.

Forest officials held talks with the villagers and promised to do their best to tackle man-animal conflicts.


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Man killed by elephant in Odisha, India

In another incident of man-animal conflict in Odisha, a daily wage laborer was killed in elephant attack at Gengutia under Sadar police limits in Dhenkanal district on Saturday.

The deceased identified as Sushant Behera of Gengutia village was on his way to Dhenkanal town along with two other co-workers, when a pachyderm attacked the trio near the level crossing.

While the two labourers managed to escape from the spot, Sushant was trampled to death by the wild elephant, sources said.

"Since last five years, the land here is not being used for agricultural purpose as elephants are destroying standing crops. We had earlier requested the forest department to at least alarm us when elephants are straying near the human settlements. But they do not even bother if we inform them about the movement of jumbos in the area," alleged Ranjan Mallick, a local resident.

Sources said a herd of elephants was spotted near the area earlier this week.

"I had no information about the movement of elephant herd in the area. But as the locals are alleging about the presence of the elephants, so squads will deployed here soon," said Dhenkanal Range officer, Darshan Bhoi refuting the allegations of dereliction of duties by forest officials.

A sum of Rs 40,000 will be given to the family of the deceased now and the remaining assistance of Rs 3,60,000 will be provided after the victim's family submits necessary documents, he added.


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Man killed by elephant in Odisha, India

In another incident of man-animal conflict in Odisha, a daily wage labourer was killed in elephant attack at Gengutia under Sadar police limits in Dhenkanal district on Saturday.

The deceased identified as Sushant Behera of Gengutia village was on his way to Dhenkanal town along with two other co-workers, when a pachyderm attacked the trio near the level crossing.

While the two labourers managed to escape from the spot, Sushant was trampled to death by the wild elephant, sources said.

"Since last five years, the land here is not being used for agricultural purpose as elephants are destroying standing crops. We had earlier requested the forest department to at least alarm us when elephants are straying near the human settlements. But they do not even bother if we inform them about the movement of jumbos in the area," alleged Ranjan Mallick, a local resident.

Sources said a herd of elephants was spotted near the area earlier this week.

"I had no information about the movement of elephant herd in the area. But as the locals are alleging about the presence of the elephants, so squads will deployed here soon," said Dhenkanal Range officer, Darshan Bhoi refuting the allegations of dereliction of duties by forest officials.

A sum of Rs 40,000 will be given to the family of the deceased now and the remaining assistance of Rs 3,60,000 will be provided after the victim's family submits necessary documents, he added.


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Assam: Wild jumbo tramples pregnant woman, 4-year-old daughter to death

A pregnant woman and her 4-year-old daughter were trampled to death on Saturday by a herd of wild elephant in the Sunday bazaar area adjacent to Assam-Nagaland border in East Karbi Anglong district.

The herd which was on a rampage destroyed a dozen houses, croplands besides killing Puja Kumari and her nine month pregnant mother Minni Devi on spot. KAAC EM Madhujya Dhekial Phukan visited the affected family and assured of all possible help and early disbursement of government compensations to next kin of the victim.

The tea-estates in the Lahorijan area alongside NH 39 are considered an elephant habitat as a herd of 10-15 elephants including infants are a common sight in the region.

However, rampant destruction of forest cover and expansion of human settlement have compelled the wild elephants to charge human settlement in search of food.

The Man-elephant conflict has assumed an alarming proportion in the hill district of Karbi Anglong. A small school going girl was trampled to death in board daylight at Longkathar village under Khatkhati police station on January 4, 2017.

Chandan Paik, 30, a resident of Louis Tirki village under Silonijan Range was killed in an elephant attack on February 3, 2017. Elephant deaths due to unnatural causes have also seen a significant rise in the past couple of years.

Hundreds of elephants are killed each year with the primary reason being either mowing down by moving train, electrocutions, poisoning or due to gunshot.

A bullet ridden carcass of a wild elephant stuck in a wetland was recovered from the Lahorijan tea-estate area back in 2014. Forest officials assumed that the elephant have been a victim of conflict with human and was probably shot in retaliation.

Earlier on February 26, two wild elephants which came in contact with dangling wires were electrocuted to death in Dhansiri Tea-Estate under Silonijan forest range of the district.


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Assam’s Elephant Emergency

One sultry afternoon in October 2002, a small paddy farmer (who prefers not to be named) in Sonitpur district in the northeastern Indian state of Assam bought a few packets of Demecron, an organophosphorus-based pesticide. Demecron was then banned in the district; however, the lethal pesticide was still abundantly available in the black market as it continued to fetch buyers like him among the district’s farmers. The reason was obvious: to deter pests that had been regularly raiding crops in various parts of the district.

Significantly, the pest they were using Demecron to deter was of a different kind — something that isn’t normally seen as a pest or vermin but revered as a living embodiment of god in India. This “pest” rumbles through the jungle, trampling tall thickets of grass and bushes, but could be as stealthy as a slithering snake in its nightly crop depredations. It was nothing other than a herd of wandering wild elephants that plundered on croplands, as forests — the herd’s natural source of food, and habitat — had dramatically dwindled in the district due to rampant illegal logging, and human settlements gnawing away at the green spaces.

The district administration’s ban on Demecron had come following the death of more than a dozen wild elephants due to poisoning in the district’s Nameri and Haleswar areas the previous year — between July and November, 2001 — an event that jolted conservationists across the region.


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The grand and luxurious life of Delhi’s ‘last’ elephant

Every time 46-year-old Laxmi sees the grey Rolls Royce entering the sprawling farmhouse at Dera Mandi she gets excited, swishing her tail slowly from side to side. With her eyes half closed, the elephant approaches the car knowing that her master has arrived with gifts in the form of food.

“Elephants are known to have excellent memory. Laxmi remembers me and my car. I usually have to travel a lot. But whenever I get time, I visit the farmhouse. She gets excited with the very sight of my car,” said Vivek Chand Burman, 85, chairman emeritus, Dabur India Ltd.

At present, there are seven domesticated elephants in Delhi, but the city may soon be left with just one – Laxmi.

The forest department has served notices to the owners of six elephants kept at Sangam Vihar in Wazirabad area to shift their animals out of Delhi. The allegations are the animals are kept in “unhygienic conditions” and that wild animals can’t be kept in crowded urban areas.

The elephant owners were given a deadline of December 25, 2017, by which they were to inform the government where they would like to shift the tuskers. Plans were being made to move the healthy elephants to Rajaji Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand, while the rest were to be taken to Kalesar in Haryana. The owners moved the high court again as they said they had identified a spot near Wazirabad, away from human settlement and near the Yamuna.

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Human-elephant conflicts claim 25 lives in Meghalaya

SHILLONG: Altogether 9622 cases of human-elephant conflict were registered with the Forest Department of Meghalaya which have resulted in death of 25 persons, injury to 22 persons and damage of crop in 4009 hectare of area, according to the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.

An amount of Rs 4.41 crore was paid as ex-gratia to villagers for loss of life, damage to property and agricultural crop in these cases.

During a joint inspection by the audit team in the Shallang area which is under the proposed Khasi Hills Elephant Reserve, to assess the impact of human activities on wildlife habitat, it was observed that a natural salt lick in the area that was once a big gathering place for the elephants, had almost vanished due to construction activities and heaps of coal stock and rampant deforestation could be noticed all along the area.

A salt lick is a place where animals go to lick essential mineral nutrients from deposit of salts and other minerals.

The CAG report added that fresh coal stock was found lying/dumped in these forest areas which have reduced the food and water availability for wildlife.

The Range Officer (RO) Nongpoh stated that elephants were migrating from Garbangha Reserved Forest in Assam towards Nongkhyllem Reserved Forests of Meghalaya where habitations have come up in the forest fringes.

“The stone/limestone mining quarries, human settlements and plantations like rubber, broom etc., had affected migration path of elephants resulting in change in their routes and raiding human settlements for food and water,” the report stated.

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Elephants damage houses in Rairangpur

A herd of jumbos, which has strayed into human settlements in Rairangpur, has instilled fear in the residents giving them sleepless nights.

The residents of Gorumahisani and Bijatola blocks under Rairangpur wildlife division are encountering the threat since three days. The local residents and the wildlife department officials are trying to drive the animals out of their areas, but till now they have failed to contain the menace.

The elephants have damaged at least 16 houses and a school building besides devouring grains, banana trees, vegetables and pulses in Chhatramandal Kero village under Gorumahisani block. The herd damaged four houses on Saturday night and 12 houses were damaged in Kaduani and Kehjuri villages under Bijatola block. Besides they allegedly devoured stored rice for midday meal and ransacked the furniture of the Khejuri School barging into the campus.

The villagers are guarding their boundaries and burning firewood to scare the elephants to protect their life and property. The herd consists of two tuskers, nine female elephants and calves.

"Depredation squads, consisting of forest staff and protection personnel, have been engaged to drive the animals out. Traditional methods, including beating drums, bursting crackers and rotating fireballs will be used for the purpose. On Saturday, they damaged houses in Bijatola and on Sunday they reached Khejuri forest," he said.

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Encroachment threatens natural elephant corridor prompting fears of human-elephant conflict

The natural elephant corridor at Dadzu-Lumia or Dadzeeling between Tippi and Bhalukpong in West Kameng district is under threat because of rampant encroachment and proposal by the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) to establish a permanent camp.


Some weeks ago, the Forest department started plantation on the encroached land, halting the encroachment for the time being.


The corridor, traditionally known as “Jowa Olgu Fow” (Burnt Rice), a sacred land of the Hrussos (the local community) is a critical linkage between the elephant habitats of the Pakke Tiger Reserve and Doimara Reserve Forest.


During winters, when the volume of water in the Kameng River decreases, the elephants cross the river near Dhuwang Nallah before they move on to Doimara Reserve Forest area.


Forest officials say that human interference in the natural corridor will inevitably lead to human-elephant conflict, as the elephants are known to frequent its natural corridor.


However, the locals say that they are left with no option other than handing it over to the ITBP as the Forest department has not been able to secure it from encroachment.


Locals say that they will leave up to 500 metres of the corridor untouched for free movement of the elephants.


To support their claim over the land, the Hrussos say that the place was named JowaOlgu Fow after granaries were burnt following a feud with Khusum Buso, a neighbouring tribe in the 15th century.
“The land is traditionally ours. One can go back to the history of the area which goes back to as far as the 15th century. It is our community land and the Forest department came much later. Till 1973-74, the area was the winter resort of our queen Lumum Dususow”, says one of the leaders of the community.


The ITBP wants to take over the area covering the natural corridor. The ITBP wants more than 70 hectares of land that encompasses the entire corridor which will include a firing range. The forest department has shot down the land clearance proposal but the villagers are keen that the ITBP camp actually comes up as it will stop encroachment altogether.


The Bhalukpong administration and the forest department had earlier cleared the encroachment, mostly jhum cultivation. The locals say that encroachment continues even after the intervention of the government departments.


The Forest department in Tippi says that there has been numerous times when the elephants have destroyed jhum fields and construction that within their corridor.


The department fears that if the natural corridor is disturbed, the animals might venture into Tippi and Bhalukpong townships, adjacent towns near the corridor.


Elephants moving through the area had been entering human settlements in the nearby villages of Ramda, Khuppi and Kimi, causing damage to property and posing a threat to human lives, according to a report “Right of Passage”, published by the Wildlife Trust of India, released in August 2017.

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Dalma on alert over jumbo entry

Jamshedpur: The Dalma range office in Mango is on a high alert as two separate herds of about 50 elephants, including calves, may slip into the 192sqkm sanctuary anytime.

The jumbos are stationed at Jhunjka and Patamda, which are located close to the sanctuary. Eighteen from the group were spotted near Nutandih in the periphery of the Dalma reserve.

Instructions have been issued to foresters, guards and trackers (village youths recruited as daily wagers to keep a tab on the movement of elephants and other animals) to keep a close watch on the herds who are ambling back home after their annual sojourn in the jungles of West Midnapore and Bankura in neighbouring Bengal.

"We are on alert as we want safe passage of the jumbos into the sanctuary. We don't want them to damage standing crops in human settlements surrounding the sanctuary," Dalma range officer R.P. Singh said.

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Elephant herd creates panic in Sundergarh village

Sundergarh: In yet another incident of man-animal conflict over shrinking dwelling place, an elephant herd sneaked into Kutra village in the district last night and left people in a state of panic.

The herd comprising of at least 24 elephants of various age-groups were spotted by some locals while wandering near Kutra Block office late in the night. They immediately called up the local forest officials who reached the spot and tried to disperse the animals away from the human settlements.

“The herd is believed to have sneaked to the area from neighbouring Jharkhand through the Bamara range and currently only 500 metres away from the Kutra Block Office. People have been alerted and advised to stay back in their houses to prevent any untoward incident,” said a forest official.

“Villagers have been cautioned against indulging in any kind of activity to drive away the herd as they are not trained in it. The forest officials would carry out a massive drive in a day or two to drive the herd away,” he added.

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